Denisova Cave - First Evidence of the Denisovan People

Denisova Cave is a rockshelter with important Middle Paleolithic and Upper Paleolithic occupations. Located in the northwestern Altai Mountains some 6 km from the village of Chernyi Anui, the site shows human occupation from the Middle Paleolithic to the Late Middle Paleolithic, beginning ~200,000 years ago. Most importantly, the cave is where the first evidence was discovered of Denisovans, a newly identified species of human being. Key Takeaways: Denisova Cave Denisova Cave is a rockshelter in the Altai Mountains of Siberia.First location where new hominid species Denisovan was identified, reported in 2011Human occupations include Neanderthals, Denisovans, and one individual of Neanderthal and Denisovan parentageCultural remains are similar to that found at Mousterian (Neanderthal) Upper Paleolithic sitesOccupations date between 200,000 and 50,000 years ago The cave, formed from Silurian sandstone, is ~28 meters above the right bank of the Anui River near its headwaters. It consists of several short galleries extending out from a central chamber, with a total cave area of some 270 sq. m. The central chamber measures 9x11 meters, with a high arched ceiling. Pleistocene Occupations at Denisova Cave Excavations in the central chamber at Denisova have revealed 13 Pleistocene occupations between 30,000 and ~125,000 years bp. The chronological dates are by and large radiothermalluminescence dates (RTL) taken on sediments, with the exception of Strata 9 and 11, which have a handful of radiocarbon dates on charcoal. The RTL dates on the lowest are considered unlikely, probably only in the range of 125,000 years ago. Stratum 9, Upper Paleolithic (UP), Mousterian and Levallois, ~46,000 (OIS-2)Stratum 11, Initial Upper Paleolithic, Altai Mousterian, ~29,200-48,650 BP (OIS-3)Strata 20-12, Later Middle Paleolithic Levallois, ~69,000-155,000 BPStrata 21 and 22, Initial Middle Paleolithic Levallois, Mousterian, ~171,000-182,000 BP (OIS-5) Climate data derived from palynology (pollen) and faunal taxa (animal bone) suggests that the oldest occupations were located in birch and pine forests, with some large treeless areas in higher elevations. The following periods fluctuated considerably, but the coldest temperatures occurred just before the Last Glacial Maximum, ~30,000 years ago, when a steppe environment was established. Hominins Hominid remains recovered from the cave include four Denisovans, two Neanderthals, and one individual, Denisova 11, represented by a fragment of a long bone, that genetic investigations indicate was the child of a Neanderthal mother and a Denisovan father. The individual was at least 13 years old at death: and her genetic makeup indicates that her father, too, was the result of sexual congress between a Neanderthal and a Denisovan. The earliest Denisovan in the cave lived between 122.7–194.4 thousand years ago (kya); another lived between 105.6 and 136.4 kya; and two lived between 51.6 and 76.2 kya. Neanderthals lived between 90.0 and 147.3 kya; and the Denisovan/Neanderthal child lived between 79.3 and 118.1 kya. The most recent date is not that different from the nearby Ust Ishim site, an Initial Upper Paleolithic site dated between 45–48 kya, leaving the possibility that Ust Ishim may have been a Denisovan occupation. Denisova Cave Upper Paleolithic Although the site is for the most part stratigraphically quite intact, unfortunately, a major discontinuity separates the two UP levels 9 and 11, and the contact between them is significantly disturbed, making it difficult to securely separate the dates of the artifacts in them. Denisova is the type site for what Russian archaeologists have called the Denisova variant of Altai Mousterian, belonging to the Initial Upper Paleolithic period. Stone tools in this technology exhibit use of the parallel reduction strategy for cores, large numbers of laminar blanks and tools fashioned on large blades. Radial and parallel cores, limited numbers of true blades and a diverse series of ​racloirs are also identified in the stone tool assemblages. Several remarkable art objects have been recovered within the Altai Mousterian layers of the cave, including decorative objects of bone, mammoth tusk, animal teeth, fossilized ostrich egg shell and mollusk shell. Two fragments of a stone bracelet made of drilled  worked and polished dark green chloritolite was discovered in these UP levels at Denisova. A set of bone tools including small needles with drilled eyes, awls and pendants, and a collection of cylindrical bone beads has also been found in the Upper Paleolithic deposits. Denisova contains the earliest evidence of eyed needle manufacture in Siberia. Denisova and Archaeology Denisova Cave was discovered over a century ago, but its Pleistocene deposits were not recognized until 1977. Since then, extensive excavations by the Russian Academy of Sciences at Denisova and nearby sites of Ust-Karakol, Kara-Bom, Anuy 2 and Okladnikov have recorded considerable evidence about the Siberian Middle and Upper Paleolithic. Selected Sources Douka, Katerina, et al. Age Estimates for Hominin Fossils and the Onset of the Upper Palaeolithic at Denisova Cave. Nature 565.7741 (2019): 640–44. Print.Krause, Johannes , et al. The Complete Mitochondrial DNA Genome of an Unknown Hominin from Southern Siberia. Nature 464.7290 (2010): 894–97. Print.Martinà ³n-Torres, Marà ­a, Robin Dennell, and Josà © Marà ­a Bermà ºdez de Castro. The Denisova Hominin Need Not Be an out of Africa Story. Journal of Human Evolution 60.2 (2011): 251–55. Print.Mednikova, M. B. A Proximal Pedal Phalanx of a Paleolithic Hominin from Denisova Cave, Altai. Archaeology, Ethnology and Anthropology of Eurasia 39.1 (2011): 129–38. Print.Reich, David, et al. Genetic History of an Archaic Hominin Group from Denisova Cave in Siberia. Nature 468 (2010): 1053–60. Print.Slon, Viviane, et al. The Genome of the Offspring of a Neanderthal Mother and a Denisovan Father. Nature 561.7721 (2018): 113–16. Print.Slon, Viviane, et al. A Fourth Denisovan Individual. Science Advances 3.7 (2017): e1700186. Print.

Fictional Sources Of The The Pox Party And Andrew...

Fictional/semi-fictional sources like ‘The Pox Party’ and non-fictional sources such as ‘The Cover Wagon Women’ and ‘Andrew Jackson’, craft a realm in which current historians can narrow down the strength and weaknesses of early American society. Although it is not able to give its readers a credible account to what actually happened during those times of American development, it is able to give us a vivid image of what people thought was important during their time. Readers are able to witness strangers’ dreams, their views of history and most importantly, what our ancestors found to be relevant enough to document. Authors like Sean Wilentz and M.T Anderson shape and somehow make a clear elaboration of the paradoxical nature of life in the early Americas and the development of American society. These sources are able to help us narrate a more flamboyant story of our own on how things were in the past and how certain aspects and factors o f life aided tremendously to the up’s and down’s in American history. These theatrical sources delineate on the strengths and weaknesses of American history such as the rise of a new nation that grew to become one of the â€Å"first world† countries as well as the dark shadows of enslavement of various races. Furthermore, how the role of literature and personal items such as diaries and letters can convey heart-warming yet heart-breaking stories from beyond the grave. ‘‘The Astonishing Life of Octavian Nothing, Traitor to the Nation, Volume 1:

To Kill a Mocking Bird Outline. Free Essays

6. 02 Reasearch Paper Outline. Directions: Fill in the blanks to create a draft of your outline Title ___Is to Kill A mocking Bird A timeless Clasisic. We will write a custom essay sample on To Kill a Mocking Bird Outline. or any similar topic only for you Order Now ________________________________________________ Paragraph I:The Great Novel To Kill A Mocking Bird Stands As A Timless Classic Due To Many Different Reasons Based On Knowledge Apon Morality,Maturity,And Racism. A. Can One Race of People Stand Out To be More Superior To the Other? B. Hate Crimes Subject African Amercians As victims C. Thesis statement (Make it only ONE sentence): Harper Lee expresses Three Main forms of Racism predjuice of outsiders,stereotypes and discrimination. **Remember, you have to PROVE your thesis for this paper** Paragraph II: __________Narration Of Background_______________ (Put your topic here. Remember 1 idea per paragraph) A. Exploting others for own personal gain B. Racism taking advantage of minorities innonce. C:Mayella Ewell Calling An innoncent Black Man(Tom Robinson)Into Her Home. Paragraph III: ___Conformation/Argument. _____________________(Put your topic here. Remember 1 idea per paragraph) A: Atticus knows that Tom is Innocent,due to the knowledge he has apon him,along with the morality he himself has an character. B: Just like the Ewells story used against Tom,Racism is based apon personal gain. C: Atticus advice towards scout shoes his maturity level when he defends Tom†You never can really know a man until you climb his skin,and walk around in it†. Paragraph I V: _______Lessons Within A story_________________(Put your topic here. Remember 1 idea per paragraph) A: Topics Discussed apon knowledge,maturity,and racism Let the reader decide. B:There is no inequality in america. c. Morality is overlooked Paragraph V:To kill A mocking Bird Still With Stabds its releveance due to the issues being discussed at the time still occuring today. A. Naration of background. B. Conformation/Argument C: Lessons Within A story C. Did you ever wonder why Harper Lee Chose To Title The Novel To Kill A Mocking Bird,and What it truly stands for? To Kill Innonce. How to cite To Kill a Mocking Bird Outline., Papers

Cowboy Subculture Paper free essay sample

The word cowboy brings to mind images of the old west, mostly movies. Ten gallon hats, boots, spurs, horses, revolvers and of course cows. In todays society the term cowboy or cowgirl isnt always a favorable one. It can mean ignorant, country, reckless, or just refer to boots and hats. Are Cowboys even still around? Not the wan be hat on the weekends type of person, the genuine article. The answer may surprise you. In todays modern world, cowboys arent just still around; they have developed into the subculture in which I belong.The cowboy subculture can be found all across the Ignited States and Hawaii. What is the Cowboy Culture and who belongs in it? The cowboy culture is made up Of many different types Of people from many different backgrounds. The cowboy culture is made up of working cowboys, professional rodeo cowboys, arena cowboys and cowgirls, Cattle people, horse people, and cowboy mentality people. The word cowboy originated from earlier terms translated from vaquero, a Spanish word for an individual who managed cattle while mounted on horseback.Originally Cowboy was a literal term, to describe a job like lawyer or Doctor. Cowboys started their profession at an early age, it took years to be able to handle both horse and Attlee with some skill, so cowboys were hired on as young as 12 or 13. These boys could look forward to handling cattle and horses for the larger outfits the rest of his adult life if he was lucky enough to avoid serious injury. At that time quite a few women also took on the tasks of ranching and learned the necessary skills, though the cowgirl didnt come into being until the 19th century and only then in the wild west shows. On western ranches today, even though the working cowboy is a grown man, the subculture of the cowboy is a lot of times one you are born into. Children of today, both boys ND girls that are raised on a ranch are expected to learn to ride and understand how to care for animals from an early age. Children of the cowboy culture grow up with hard work and responsibility. They show maturity and lavishnesss that is not generally found in urban kids. The cowboy clothing style grew out of practical need and the environment in which the cowboy worked.The western style of cowboy blind, rhinestones, Stetsons, Cinch and Wrangler jeans, Art and Justine boots all brands unique to the Cowboy culture and typical clothing of the cowboy all evolved out of necessity. The standard wear of any individual in the cowboy subculture is made up of if not every item at least several pairs of one or more articles of clothing such as Chaps, Hat, Boots, Jeans, and gloves. Chaps usually pronounced shapes or chinks protect the riders legs while on horseback, especially riding through heavy brush or during rough work with livestock.Cowboy hat: Wide brim to protect from sun, overhanging brush, and the elements. Cowboy boots; a boot with a high top to protect the lower legs, pointed toes to help guide the foot into the stirrup, and high heels to keep the tot from slipping through the stirrup while working in the saddle. Gloves, usually of deerskin or other leather that is soft and flexible for working purposes, yet provides protection when handling barbed wire, assorted tools or clearing native brush and vegetation. Jeans: Designed to protect the legs and prevent the trouser legs from snagging on brush, equipment or other hazards.Other tools of the cowboy culture which are necessary and are used or carried and can be found in any members tack room are: Knife; cowboys have traditionally favored some form of pocket knife, specifically the folding Attlee kni fe or stock knife. The knife has multiple blades, usually including a leather punch and a sheepfold blade. Lariat; from the Spanish la rata, meaning the rope, sometimes called a lasso, especially in the East, or simply, a rope. This is a tightly twisted stiff rope, originally of rawhide or leather, now often of nylon, made with a small loop at one end called a Hondo.Spurs; metal devices attached to the heel of the boot, featuring a small metal shank, usually with a small serrated wheel attached, used to allow the rider to provide a stronger (or sometimes, more precise) leg cue to the ores. Horse: Either Quarter horse or mustang. Tack: (Gear for your horse) each area of the cowboy subculture has a certain type of saddle that they use. For instance Team ropers saddles are heavier with a thicker horn in order to with stand the weight of the cow they rope, while Barrel Racers saddles are lighter with a narrow horn to allow for a better hold and less weight on their horse.Bridle; a Western bridle usually has a curb bit and long split reins to control the horse in many different situations Sad dle blanket; a blanket or pad is required under the Western addle to provide comfort and protection for the horse. Western saddle; a saddle specially designed to allow horse and rider to work for many hours and to provide security to the rider in rough terrain or when moving quickly in response to the behavior of the livestock being herded. A western saddle has a deep seat with high pommel and cantle that provides a secure seat.Deep, wide stirrups provide comfort and security for the foot. A strong, wide saddle tree of wood, covered in rawhide (or made of a modern synthetic material) distributes the weight of the rider across a greater area of the horses back, educing the pounds carried per square inch and allowing the horse to be ridden longer without harm. A horn sits low in front of the rider, to which a lariat can be snubbed, and assorted Dee rings and leather saddle strings allow additional equipment to be tied to the saddle.All these tools and more make up the gear of the cowboy culture. It hasnt changed since the 1 asss. Everyone in the cowboy culture is expected to know how to use and care for each piece of equipment. The Cowboy culture is made up of a group of people that have a certain ideals and ways Of thinking. People Of the cowboy ultra believe that they should be kind, tough, hardworking and have a strong sense of moral and religion. Morals: They accomplish any job given to them.They are very proud and will compete for that pride in their skills, not for the actual belt buckle or title They will stay out all night looking for cattle, or could at the same time go twenty miles out of his way to take a sick dog to a vet for a child. They dont usually look for trouble, but when it comes, they face it with courage and dignity. They defend good people, who cannot defend themselves, look out for their neighbors and expect the same in turn. Modern Cowboys are not all molded together.Each has its own style and is unique. Some of todays Cowboys still ride, rope and brand. Some have never even seen a cow up close. To become a Cowboy one does not have to actually ride the range, the cowboy culture has many different cultures within itself, each with its own unique sayings, rules, tack and dress. There are working cowboys, those that make all or part of their living on horseback. Professional Rodeo Cowboys that make all or part of their living in the rodeo circuit. Arena Cowboys and Cowgirls, this group make their living other places ND spend their weekends competing in the arena at various events. Team roping, Headers and Heelers, an event where pairs of cowboys race out and rope and tie a calf, the fastest team wins, Barrel Racers, usually women that race out onto the arena and run their horse in a cloverleaf pattern around barrels, fastest time wins, Bull riders, not considered the brightest of the bunch, Bronco riders, Calf scramble, is an event for children, the kids line up and 10 calves are released into the arena, three with a tag on its tail.The object is to grab the tag off the tail and return to the starting line. Mutton gusting event is also for small children, padded up and helmeted a child is placed on a sheep which is then released into the arena. The child with the longest time on the sheep wins. Cattle People, they range from owning a few thousand head of cattle to a single steer for an FAA project.Horse People, this group love s horses and have still more subcultures, the show horses, the halter class, speed racers, and western pleasure riders. Cowboys at heart, this group loves the Cowboy way and what it stands for. If you go on the scenario that all Cowboys walk bow legged, have missing teeth, and all spit bacon, then you will miss out on a great many true Cowboys.Besides family owned ranches and selected country born individuals, the Cowboy of today is trying to grab onto our roots of the past, with the sprawl of the cement world, it becomes harder and harder to find a spot in the world to call your own, and the Cowboy needs his space to ride. The cowboy culture bands together in small communities and big cities across America, trying to keep our culture alive. I hope this paper has given some insight into the cowboy subculture, and next time you see a pair of boots or a hat it means more to you than just clothing.

The Adventures Of Tom Sawyer Essay Example For Students

The Adventures Of Tom Sawyer Essay To say that Tom Sawyer was an average young boy growing up in Illinois would be an understatement. TheAdventures of Tom Sawyer, written by Mark Twain is an absolutely enchanting book. Every episode is moreexciting than the prior one, which is why this book receives five stars. Set in the old Southwest in an almost poverty stricken shabby village called St. Petersburg. The whole townknows one another, and of course they know each others business. Sunday was the holy day when everyonewould gather at the church to compare notes on the past weeks events. The children had to rely on makinggood clean fun from meager surroundings. Swimming, fishing, picnicking, and playing Hide n seek in the longhot summer days were all good ways to pass the time. We will write a custom essay on The Adventures Of Tom Sawyer specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now But Tom was more venturesome than that, and with his best friend Huckleberry Finn, he lived everyday to itsfullest. Tom had a little more schooling than Huck, but Huck was growing up on the streets and surviving just fineconsidering that his father was a drunk. Tom had a good home, being raised by his Aunt Polly, (his mother diedso her sister took him in). He also lived with his half-brother, Sid, whoms main objective in life was to makeToms miserable by ratting him out all the time, and his quiet cousin Mary. His antics were ingenious though. The way that he turned whitewashing the fence as a punishment into a grand experience for all of the boys intown who couldnt wait to hold the brush and paint. Tom was not a bad boy, just an inquisitive one whos mindnever rested always dreaming, and making his dreams sound so good, he could always rope Huck Finn intohis escapades. Tom couldnt lie, and he couldnt see someone suffer for the sins of another, as seen when he tells the truthabout the murder of Dr. Robinson. It took real guts to point the finger at Injun Joe, the half-breed, who was alsoone of the most despicable scoundrels in the town. Tom was also loyal to his friends, and showed that when hewouldnt tell that Huck Finn was with him that night the doctor was killed in the graveyard. Tom also couldntleave Becky Thatcher in the cave when they were lost and she had all but given up hope of being found. Becky and Huck knew what kind of young gentleman Tom could be. Becky was his true love, although theirrelationship had some very rocky times, as pictured when they were trying to make one another jealous atschool. They were both talking with another, but they kept their eyes on each other, looking for a glint ofjealousy, but neither would make the first move, and they wound up hurting one another. Tom remained true toBecky when he covered for her after she accidentally tore a page in the teachers book. Mr. Dobbins wentaround the classroom asking each student if they knew who ripped the page, and just before he got to Becky,Tom jumped up and said that he did it, knowing full well that he would receive a lashing from Mr. Dobbins afterschool. Huck learned to appreciate Tom when he, Tom, and Joe ran away to the island to be pirates. The way that Tomconvinced the boys, even though they were homesick, to stay on the island until Sunday was wonderful. Theirreturn home during their funeral services after everyone believed they were dead, was brilliant. Making a grandentrance, receiving hugs and kisses from their loved ones, and not being scolded for running away was justperfect. Why he even had the townspeople glad to see Huck, even though they really didnt know him. .uef79791f33926f345898718a8b90a0c3 , .uef79791f33926f345898718a8b90a0c3 .postImageUrl , .uef79791f33926f345898718a8b90a0c3 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uef79791f33926f345898718a8b90a0c3 , .uef79791f33926f345898718a8b90a0c3:hover , .uef79791f33926f345898718a8b90a0c3:visited , .uef79791f33926f345898718a8b90a0c3:active { border:0!important; } .uef79791f33926f345898718a8b90a0c3 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uef79791f33926f345898718a8b90a0c3 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uef79791f33926f345898718a8b90a0c3:active , .uef79791f33926f345898718a8b90a0c3:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uef79791f33926f345898718a8b90a0c3 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uef79791f33926f345898718a8b90a0c3 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uef79791f33926f345898718a8b90a0c3 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uef79791f33926f345898718a8b90a0c3 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uef79791f33926f345898718a8b90a0c3:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uef79791f33926f345898718a8b90a0c3 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uef79791f33926f345898718a8b90a0c3 .uef79791f33926f345898718a8b90a0c3-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uef79791f33926f345898718a8b90a0c3:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Play EssayTom was always looking for the easy way to make money. While hunting for buried treasure, he and Huck foundmore than they bargained for. They found out that Injun Joe was alive, and had a great deal of gold in a box hewas going to hide. Huck followed him, and wound up hearing that he was planning to rob and kill the widowDouglas. Huck became a hero when he saved the widow by telling the Welshmans, who went to her house,chased Injun Joe away, and rescued her. The boys finally went and recovered Injun Joes floods of gold that hehad buried in the cave, (Tom found the spot when Becky and he were lost in there for days), and claimed it fortheir own. They finally had t heir reward. The big payoff for being fine young men with just a little bit of spice andvinegar to keep things happening in the town very interesting. Huck got a home with the widow Douglas. Tomreceived some much do love and attention from Aunt Polly and Becky. This book is a classic, and it will live on forever. It is enjoyable, and it keeps you wanting to read more andmore. It is a great book for everyone to read, girls and boys alike. I especially think that boys from twelve tofifteen will really enjoy it because they can put themselves in Toms place, and dream that they are doing all ofthe wild things that Tom did. This book shows that there is good in everyone, whether they are rich or poor,young or old, boy or girl, even the feisty troublemakers of the town. I enjoyed this book immensely, and highlyrecommend it for others to read.

FILM NOIR AND THE AUTEUR IN DOUBLE INDEMNITY essays

FILM NOIR AND THE AUTEUR IN DOUBLE INDEMNITY essays As a cinematic genre dating back to the mid 1930's, film noir is generally defined as a dark, suspenseful thriller with a plotline revolving around crime or mystery. Following World War II, film noir gained much recognition when Hollywood thrillers, such as The Maltese Falcon (1941) with Humphrey Bogart and Sidney Greenstreet, could be seen in the French cinemas. The term itself is derived from the roman noir, used in the 19th century to describe the English romantic horror novel, better known as Gothic Romanticism and linked to such authors as Horace Walpole, Ann In the genre of film noir, a particular blackness of physique, such as dark, wet city streets or the use of shadowing, tended to be an important element as well as the depiction of a dark world of corruption, violence and crime. In France during World War II, the genre provided a vehicle for films of a high caliber that were not objectionable to the occupying authorities, in this case the Nazis. Soon after the war, film noir became popular with the French post-war generation of filmgoers and was enthusiastically adopted by some filmmakers, especially Melville Godard in In most instances, film noir involves the use of several special techniques usually brought about through photographic ingenuity and innovation. Basically, film noir includes the application of sharp-edged shadows and camera shots, strange angles and settings which are often bleak and mundane. In addition, film noir is often incorporated into an atmosphere of hard urban reality, such as city streets, back alleys, rundown hotels, dark, smoke-filled barrooms and dimly-lit cafes. One of the most familiar themes associated with film noir contains a hero who is not a criminal but a weak, ineffective man who is tempted by a beautiful and mysterious woman, a motif that can be traced back to Homer's Odyssey. In this so-called "double story," the wom...

Gender Roles and Descent Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Gender Roles and Descent - Essay Example On the other hand, according to Stone (1997), there is a considerable difference between the sexual and reproductive roles of men and women in relation to time and location. Furthermore, Stone (1997) believes that the role of gender is culturally and socially constructed; therefore, the roles of men and women must be studied in a manner of understanding the sexuality and reproductive capacity of women. In the case study, Neur and Brahman societies, likewise, conceived the role of men as the head of the society. This patriarchal designation stems from their religious and cultural beliefs that men develop stability within the community (Stone, 1997). Hinduism teaches a significant gender and reproductive decision especially among women by encouraging a female child to be married before her first menstruation. Obviously, Indian females do not have the luxury to choose their own partners because it is assumed that parents are the ones responsible and more knowledgeable in choosing their daughters’ partner. This belief is actually a shared pattern among primates that highly emphasize on alliance and descent principles when it comes to marriage. These relational principles merely suggest that choosing a husband, as part of the many facets and aspects of gender roles, is actually not a freedom entitled to women in some communities because marriage is seen, not just a union of two souls, but an alliance formed between two families, as well. In other words, marriage between two families is coexistent with a male and a female union. ... ing a husband, as part of the many facets and aspects of gender roles, is actually not a freedom entitled to women in some communities because marriage is seen, not just a union of two souls, but an alliance formed between two families, as well. In other words, marriage between two families is coexistent with a male and a female union. The pros and cons in this kind of setup, which dominantly do not entitle women of free will, are obvious. From the perspective of a non-Nuer and non-Brahman member, arranged marriages only shatter the freedom of women to have control over their bodies. Kinship is more advantageous to the part of the male species because they are the ones not suffering from birth labors and risks in pregnancies. However, chapter 3 case study provides us a glimpse that Nuer women have full control over their sexuality, while Brahman women stick to their fidelity to their husbands because of the restrictions stipulated in the caste system. In the case of Nuer women, we se e that female oppression somehow happens only in terms of choosing the right man for themselves, but they have autonomy during the kinship part. Nuer women are even entitled to divorce their husbands if they see fit. On the part of the Brahman women, male domination does not count as the oppressing factor. It is the caste system that encourages wife's fidelity to her husband. Therefore, Brahman women are still empowered in this kind of setup because by being loyal to their husbands, they are rewarded through producing Brahman children. Still, the dominant perspective towards societies that encourages arranged marriages, is more on the harm this brings to the future of families. Women are said to be forced into a commitment where there is no emotional bond between them, which, on a personal

Homework Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Homework - Assignment Example 4. What are some reasons you will use to prove your thesis? How will they be proven? will you compare contrast, look at cause/effect, evaluate the worth, define something in a new way, etc? (you can create an informal list here) 1) Web 2.0 promotes interaction and this process leads to student content creation and sharing. Sharing of quality ideas can lead to greater learning. This can be proven through studies that provide evidence for this relationship. 3) Web 2.0 supports critical and reflective participation as long as structured guidelines are provided and instructors place high value on critical thinking and use of scholarly references to support claims and ideas. This can be proven through studies that provide evidence for this relationship. In the first essay, we only worked with Lanier and Keen, but in your second essay youll be required to utilize the sources youve found for your annotated bibliography. Now that you have multiple viewpoints on your topic, its important to cover the issues of fairness and objectivity when working with outside sources.   *Fairness: I expect all of you to represent each authors point of view accurately and fairly--this means not changing the context in which ones words were said or changing the meaning. There should be no unfair distortions. *Objectivity: When you argue for your thesis, youre out to prove your point. However, this doesnt mean that you need to attack every viewpoint you disagree with. Each body paragraph that contains a source, whether or not you disagree with the source, should be represented objectively. This means introduce all sources in the same manner, then when you engage with the source in your analysis, you can obviously not only express your opinion but also prove it.   If we want to convince others to believe in our claims, we should respond to the strongest arguments of our opponents. In addition, objectivity is important because we

Week 7 Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Week 7 - Case Study Example This seems to be to be like a secret society of sorts with the requirements being you must be rich and powerful within the world of finance. The fact that these nine people can change the prices, policies and procedures at any time to benefit themselves is wrong when it comes to the public trading arena. While the entire finance world has to goal of making money for their company and themselves, it should not be done to the detriment of the consumer. The consumer needs these products and should have the right to all of the cost information since they are paying for it and they should be entitled to these prices upfront and should be accompanied with an explanation if asked for one by the consumer. In short, there needs to be some oversight and regulations. 2. I do not believe that the secrecy in the derivative market should be allowed to continue. Something should be done to create transparency. I agree that buyers and sellers have a responsibility to learn about how derivatives work, but if the fees are kept secret, that is a problem. How can buyers and sellers be expected to participate if they don’t know all the costs? The trading of derivatives should be transparent in terms of costs and should not be managed by just a few who can make policies and procedures, as well as set the fees, for their own benefit. In any other industry, the costs of the product or service are made public to consumers and then consumers can determine what or if they purchase. There is no reason that the derivative market should be any different. I can understand that the nine people controlling this market would like to keep it so it benefits them and their companies; however, it is not good for the American public. It is taking advantage of people . This seems like it should be illegal. There are laws and regulations preventing this in other industries so why is the derivative market different? There doesn’t seem to be any reason why this market is

Microwaves: The History and Development

Microwaves: The History and Development Engineering Report:  Microwave Ovenbg Summary This report presents the foundation of microwaves and states the purpose of the report. It will also give detailed background information about the history of the machine. In addition, there will be an explanation towards what it does and why its needed throughout the world as well as its impact on society. Moreover, there will also be a full description of the product to full extent. The description will described; how it looks like, how it works, materials used in the product, how its assembled, how to use it and extra features of the machine. Furthermore, two drawings will be present in the report that includes isometric and orthographic, which have full measurements and angles drawn as accurate as possible. Following this, an analysis will also display   how the appliances components, sustainability, choice of materials and how well it functions will be critically researched and analysed to how effective they are and if theres any room for improvement.   Next, there will be e xtra photos of the product as well as any other extensive information about it. Adding to that, will be full descriptive recommendation of how it could be improved and conclusion covering up between the old and new product as well its major contribution towards the modern world. Lastly, there will be complete harved references to show where informations was research from. 1.0  Introduction 1.1: The Purpose of the Report. The purpose of this report is to show the foundation of how microwaves work and how they used throughout the present world. This report will discover the ways they influenced society and will be deconstructed to show all the features of this product. It will also contain calculations and diagrams in order to maximum the full experience to how this product works from the inside. This report will generate systematically to be simpler and will contain critical opinions and judgements on how it could be improved as well as key historical background to the machine. In addition, this report will feature an appendix to display extensive use of research and freehand drawing towards its parts and functions. The purpose of the report will also show the need for this product in the new technological world and will display every capability that it has to full extent. 1.2:   Background Information, historical research of this product. The microwave was first invented somewhere in the year 1946 during a radar related research project. Dr Percy Spenser was part of the project but during the investigation found something very unusual.   During the project, they were testing out a new vacuum called magnetron when suddenly he realized that the candy bar in his pocket had melted. This inspired the doctor to try out another experiment where he placed popcorn kennels near the tube and watch joyfully   as they stated to pop, cracked and sputtered all over his lab. This fascinated the doctor about this unusual discovery and so prompted another experiment the next morning with his colleague.   The experiment was placing an egg next to the magnetron and the result was the egg exploding all over the doctors lab. Mr Spenser then came up with a logical scientific experiment; the melted candy bar, the popcorn and egg all had one thing in common they were exposed to low density   microwave energy. This conclusion led the d octor that if these foods can be cooked this quickly why others cannot be as well. Dr. Spencer then invented a metal box with an opening into which he fed microwave power. The energy entering the box was unable to escape, therefore creating a higher density electromagnetic field. When the food placed in the box and microwave energy fed in, the temperature of the food increased very rapidly. Dr. Spencer knowingly knew he just designed what was to revolutionize cooking, and form the basis of a multimillion-dollar industry, called the microwave oven and put forward a plan to the Raytheon Corporation to build this machine . Unsurprisingly, in 1954 the Raytheon Corporation produced the first commercial microwave called the 1161 Radarange. It was large, expensive, and had a power of 1600 watts which wasnt very efficient towards people who wont rich. To solve this problem a   division of the company named Amana created the first domestic microwave oven in 1967 but sales were slow during the first few years, partially due to the ovens relatively expensive price tag,   later the concept of quick microwave cooking arrived. In succeeding years, a number of other companies joined the countertop microwave oven market. By the end of 1971, the price of microwave oven units began to decrease and their capabilities expanded as time moved on. 1.3: What does the product do? The microwave oven is a kitchen appliance that heats and cooks food by heating up the particles inside while exposing it to microwaves from the electromagnetic spectrum. The waves were implemented into the machine where the inventor was experimenting with the it. 1.4: Why is there a need for this product? The microwave oven is one of the most in the important kitchen appliances in the modern day household. It provides the basic needs of everyday life and is important contribution towards the world.   The machine delivers the most of what modern technology has as it heats and cooks food   instead the old ways of heating them on a stove or on a bonfire. Moreover, the device is also much safer than the stove as it does not get hot when conducted by heat due to the material its made from, which is   stainless steel with a coating of acrylic enamel because of its low thermal conductivity. 1.5: Impact on Society The microwave oven has made a significant contribution towards society as it made life easier with a cooking and heating foods at your fingertips. This helps with timesaving and allows to serve individuals within the family at different times when necessary.   This is important because it helps   many people whom are busy due to the technological world and dont have the needed time to cook food on the stove. In addition, the microwave allows the food to be cooked much cheaper compared to the olds ways as all the components built inside, making life much more simple. This helps many people in the long run with paying the bills and assisting them to pay the more important fees. 2.0  Description 2.1: Describe the product i) What it looks like? The microwave oven is a quick and efficient machine that uses electromagnetic radiation to cook food. This fascinating machine allows people to cook food whenever they are busy or tired after a long day at work. This machines design is a rectangular prism with to vertical and horizontal lines. In addition, it also has a built in light bulb to see how your food is cooking and has a timer whenever its finished. Most microwaves will have three ventilations systems to keep the air in the microwave flowing and is used to take the radiation out. This method is necessary otherwise; the quality of the food will suffer.   Moreover, the machine also has a container at the back where it stores up the microwave energy and short circuit where its connected to the cable that is plugged towards the power point. ii) How it works? The microwave is actually quite a simple machine to how it actually works. The inside generator called the magnetron takes electricity from the power outlet and converts it to high-powered microwaves. These waves then travel through the food compartment and blasted out towards the spinning turntable in order to cook the food evenly. Furthermore, the microwaves then bounce of the reflective metal wall however when these waves meet the food they dont bounce but instead penetrate it and oscillate the molecules within it. Therefore, allowing the food to become hotter and let enjoy your meal. iii) Materials used: The following materials used to make microwaves are: Stainless steel with a coating of acrylic enamel. Ceramic or glass: Electromechanical components   Steel metal: A mixture of cast iron, steel and bronze:   Stainless steel Polymer:   Medium carbon steel Hardened steel   Plastic and Copper wire: Why are these materials used? Material Uses Why? Stainless steel with acrylic enamel Used for the outside layer of the microwave Corrosion Resistance Ductile Low heat absorption Ceramic or glass Used for the cooking surface Corrosion Resistance Insulator Electromechanical components Timer motors, switches and relays Simple mechanics Conductors Steel metal Used to make magnetron tube , the waveguide, capacitor   and the stirrer fan Great conductivity Great durability Ductile A mixture of cast iron, steel and bronze Used to make the gears High tensile strength High endurance   strength Low coefficient of friction Stainless steel Used to make pulleys High strength Polymer Used to make belts High Strength Medium carbon steel Used to make screws High tensile strength Malleable Hardened steel Used to make washers Wear resistant Brittle Plastic and copper Used to make the cables Great conductivity Silicon Steel Used to make the transformer Magnetic Properties iv) How is it assembled? The process of manufacturing the microwave oven starts with the cavity that creates the microwave radiation. First, the frame is formed using automatic metal-forming presser with all of the other parts already made. The parts then move through a paint operation where the paint is heated up to 300 degrees for 20 minutes and all the parts are coated in paint. Following this, the front door receives a coat of paint and metal plate is attached to its window. The microwave then moves onto the next phase where it obtains the anode cylinder that will provide with its electricity to generate to power. Moreover, a powerful magnet is then put around the cylinder to create an electromagnetic field, creating microwaves. A thermal protector is attached directly on the magnetron to prevent damage to the tube from overheating and causing an explosion. Additionally, an antenna enclosed in a glass tube is mounted on top of the back of the microwave. The waveguide is connected to the magnetron that is a on top of the antenna, while a blower motor is attached directly to the tube. Finally, a plastic fan is attached to the motor. In addition the capacitor and the high voltage transformer   are added in as well. The main frame placed on the assembly tray and the cavity is screwed on to the chassis, which is the component that makes all the parts work together. Next, the door is attached to the cavity and chassis. The magnetron tube is   bolted to the side of the cavity and the main chassis. The circuit that produces the voltage required to operate the magnetron tube is   then mounted directly on the frame, close to the magnetron tube. The stirrer fan is mounted on top of the cavity attached directly to the fan.   Following this, the stirrer shield is screwed on top of the fan assembly. The shield prevents dirt and grease from entering the waveguide, where they could produce damage to the magnetron. The relay provides power to the transformer and a timer for the microwave. The relay is mounted close to the power transformer, while the timer is mounted on the control board. Also mounted on the control board are a timer bell that rings when your foods heated and a light bulb that allows viewing of the inside.   Furthermore, a number of interlocking switches   are secured   near the top and bottom of the door area to enable cooking options. A front panel is attached next to the front door. Behind the front panel, the control circuit board is attached. The board, which controls the various programmed operations in their proper sequence when the switches are placed on the front panel, is connected to the various components and the front panel using plug-in sockets and cables. The outer case of the microwave is made of stainless steel metal with coating acrylic enamel and assembled on a roll former. The case   is strapped onto the preassembled microwave oven and is bolted in firmly. This finally completes the process and the oven is sent for packaging. v) How to use it? The microwave oven is quite a simple machine to use with basic knowledge of a human being. The machines main purpose is to cook/heat food and requires minimal effort by having a choice of how to do it. There are many options to cook your food such as defrost, fruits, desserts options and many more. When your choice has been made just click the option and the microwave oven does it automatically for you without the need of lighting the gas stove. vi) Features and extra. There known to be three different types of oven that have been used throughout the modern world.   The original solo microwave oven, the striking grill microwave oven and the new convention microwave. These microwaves have a different variety of cooking options but use the same basic design with   components and little adjustments such as moisture sensors and LED lights.   There have also been variations changes to outside layer with it just primarily stainless steel. This design could be viewed as a disadvantage because of its electrical conductivity that wouldnt make it safe and would conduct even more heat that leads to   greater chance of the microwave overheating and being significantly damaged. Nevertheless, the microwave is still a great kitchen appliance that has proven itself to be a vital part for the modern world. 4.0  Analysis 4.1: Critical Judgment of the product i) Components The components of the microwave such as the magnetron, relay, motors, gears, capacitor, high voltage transformer, chassis and the cavity all do their job efficiently and effectively. However, they are known to have overheated in microwaves causing health hazards over a long period of time due to the immense amount of radiation. In addition, if the microwave is physically damaged or leaks it may also cause a problem as it has the chance of causing cancer if the insulator is cracked from high chemical exposure. To combat these issues the immense radiation should decrease to stop overheating and the use of less chemicals should be introduced. Overall, most of the components are safe and useful compared to some of the old ones used in the first microwave oven. ii) Materials The materials used in the microwave oven are quite great and work professionally but there a number of significant problems with them. An example of one is the steel used for the components, which may start to corrode after a   period of time. This is a major problem as if these components are damaged the microwave may have the potential of permanently shutting down.   Moreover, the extensive use of steel may cause the microwave overheating due the high electrical conductivity, which would damage its components . To solve this problems the steel metal should be replaced with less amounts of stainless steel to prone electricity and has high corrosion resistant. iii) Sustainability The microwave oven is a great sustainable kitchen appliance. Their almost no problems that is present towards the natural environment except for the usage power and possible chemical leak. Furthermore, the use in domestic industry is also not much of a problem as they can be placed where people decide especially for seniors who old and fragile.   But, this comes to a disadvantage because if microwaves are place within low heights children can play with and cause damage and may even drop it which may lead to high chemical leak if it cracks.   In addition, some children could even   place a metal object that will likely spark up and cause a fire .The immense radiation may also not be the best suitable options towards kids and seniors as their bodys arent strong enough to take the energy.   A new design should come around with there is less radiation used , the containment for the microwave energy   should be reinforced with stronger metal   and sensors which can detect betw een food and metal objects. iv)   How well it Functions? The microwave is an excellent, simple kitchen appliance that requires no work effort but basic human knowledge. The machine almost never lets you down which is why up to 92% of American households have it according to a study conducted in 1994. In addition, the appliance has had improvements over the past 50 years in order for it to be more effectively useful and safe. But, it does need a minor improvement towards the immense radiation and to reinforce the dangerous microwave energy stored in the back, Nevertheless, the microwave oven functions greats with all the components and materials needing slight developments. v) Pros and Cons of the Product Pros Great simple machine with energy efficiency. Lasts for a long period of time. Almost never fails. Portable. Best way to cook food without lighting a gas stove. Keeps all nutrients stored in the food untouched.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Cons The microwave may overheat due to radiation that can cause damage. Not healthy for young children or seniors due to heat radiation. If physically broken, chemical leak may damage cell tissues, which can cause cancer. Components will eventually rust causing major damage towards the machine. 5.0  Appendix 5.1 Drawings and Photos Magnetron  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Inside view High Voltage Transformer  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Capacitor  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   5.2: Extra Relevant Information   The microwave oven converts only part of its electrical input into microwave energy. An average consumer microwave oven consumes 1100 W of electricity in producing 700 W of microwave power which has an efficiency of 64%. The other 400 W is used as heat mostly in the magnetron tube. In addition, any wasted heat or any microwave radiation is sent out through the cooling vents. Additional power is used to operate the lamps; AC power transformer, magnetron-cooling fan; food turntable motor and the control circuits, which only need about 100 W to all operate. In addition, the microwave oven also uses less energy compared to the gas stove due to all major components already built in. Therefore,   the microwave oven is not only cheaper than a gas stove but also uses less energy that could be life-saving towards many people who have to pay more important bills. 6.0  Recommendations/Conclusions 6.1: Recommendations The first recommendation I will make is for the type of material used in the components to be changed as most of them are made from steel metal. This metal is a great option to conduct electricity but over time, it will corrode and cause a major damaged towards the microwave oven. To solve the problem I will recommend is to replace the steel metal with stainless steel as its corrosion resistance. Therefore, allowing it to last much longer. The second recommendation that should be designed into the machine is less radiation used in the microwave. Microwave energy is not harmful but people such as seniors or young children may not be able to take the amount of heat present. In addition, even sometimes the immense radiation might overheat the microwave oven causing high damage towards its components due to them being next to the cavity. To combat this I will recommend reducing the amount of energy the magnetron produces but enough to heat food. The third recommendation that should be introduced to the microwave is the amount of chemicals used in the magnetron. Some magnetrons contains beryllium oxide which if leaked can cause a dangerous lung condition which sometimes could be fatal. Furthermore, all magnetrons contain thorium mixed with tungsten that if leaked and inhaled , can damage cell tissues and cause cancer. To fix this I will recommend taking out most of the chemicals from the magnetron so it does present a health hazard. 6.1: Conclusion The microwave oven has a significant impact on the modern world with its extensive abilities to cook and reheat food. The original form of cooking food can be dated back to Stone Age with the use of fire. Next, came the invention of gas stove in the 1820s which required great amounts of gas with a huge price on its tag. In addition, sometimes the gas stove will fail continuously but this issue was brought to the end in the 20th century. The brilliance of Dr Percys Spencer intellectual mind brought out around one of the most important kitchen appliances of todays technological world called the microwave oven. Even though, this machine had a few problems before becoming perfect. However, the advancement of technology repaired these few problems with companies eager to get their hands of this discovery and made further adjustments to its design to make it look incomparable, magnificent and stunning. Furthermore, the microwave oven uses the   technology of electromagnetic radiation to bring new life towards cold and frozen food supplying it with the most effective and efficient way possible. The microwave oven has a major influence of how the world works with its outstanding and striking capabilities that has been indeed a great achievement by mankind. 7.0  Bibliography Gallawa, J. (2013). The History of the Microwave Oven. [online] Microtechfactoryservice.com. Available at: http://www.microtechfactoryservice.com/history.html [Accessed 15 Mar. 2017]. Woodford, C. (2016). Microwave ovens | How do they work?. [online] Explain that Stuff. Available at: http://www.explainthatstuff.com/microwaveovens.html [Accessed 18 Mar. 2017]. Riaz, R. (2017). How microwave oven is made manufacture, making, used, parts, components, structure, product, Design. [online] Madehow.com. Available at: http://www.madehow.com/Volume-1/Microwave-Oven.html [Accessed 18 Mar. 2017]. Sharpe, E. (2007). Microwave Oven. [online] Smecc.org. Available at: http://www.smecc.org/microwave_oven.htm [Accessed 23 Mar. 2017].

Moore’s Proposed Proof for an External World :: Philosophy Literature Essays

Moore’s Proposed Proof for an External World In his â€Å"Proof of an External World†, Moore puts forth several supported hypotheses in regards to the nature of the existence of things outside the self. Primarily, Moore discusses hands; his argument is that if he can produce two hands then it follows logically that two hands must exist. Furthermore, Moore puts forth the theory that if hands exist then this alone is proof of an external world. In opposition to Moore’s opinions will be found three main arguments: firstly that all of Moore’s evidence is based upon sensory input, secondly that the truth of one fact based on the truth of another fact forms an Epistemic Circle in this case, and finally that the evidence out forth by Moore, even if proved, does not necessarily prove the fact that he is attempting to prove. Moore’s â€Å"Proof of an External World† is based on the fact that he has two hands. Moore’s argument for the existence of these hands is as follows: I can prove now, for instance, that two human hands exist. How? By holding up my two hands, and saying, as I make a certain gesture with the right hand, >Here is one hand=, and adding, as I make a certain gesture with the left, >and here is another=. And if, by doing this, I have proved ipso facto the existence of external things, you will all see that I can also do it now in numbers of other ways: there is no need to multiply examples.1 Moore’s evidence for the existence of hands is based entirely upon data received from the senses, yet in no way at any time does Moore even put forth any proof in support of the assumption that his senses are indeed functioning correctly and are not in fact deceiving him. Take for example the argument put forth by Descartes that reads as follows: I will suppose therefore that not God, who is supremely good and the source of truth, but rather some malicious demon of the utmost power and cunning has employed all his energies in order to deceive me. I shall think that the sky, the air, the earth, colours, shapes, sounds and all external things are merely the delusions of dreams which he has devised to ensnare my judgment.

Acknowledgement Examples Essay

* First and foremost, we would like to thank to our supervisor of this project, Miss Shyamala for the valuable guidance and advice. She inspired us greatly to work in this project. Her willingness to motivate us contributed tremendously to our project. We also would like to thank her for showing us some example that related to the topic of our project. Besides, we would like to thank the authority of Multimedia University (MMU) for providing us with a good environment and facilities to complete this project. Also, we would like to take this opportunity to thank to the Centre of Affiliated Diploma Programme (CADP) of Multimedia University (MMU) for offering this subject, Computing Project. It gave us an opportunity to participate and learn about the operation of flights ticket reservation. In addition, we would also like to thank Malaysia Airline System (MAS) which provide us valuable information as the guidance of our project. Finally, an honorable mention goes to our families and friends for their understandings and supports on us in completing this project. Without helps of the particular that mentioned above, we would face many difficulties while doing this * Apart from the efforts of myself, the success of any project depends largely on the encouragement and guidelines of many others. I take this opportunity to express my gratitude to the people who have been instrumental in the successful completion of this project. I would like to show my greatest appreciation to Prof. James Geller. I can’t say thank you enough for his tremendous support and help. I feel motivated and encouraged every time I attend his meeting. Without his encouragement and guidance this project would not have materialized. The guidance and support received from all the members who contributed and who are contributing to this project, was vital for the success of the project. I am grateful for their constant support and help. * I would like to gratefully acknowledge the enthusiastic supervision of Dr. Ali Rezazadeh during this work. I thank Prof. Garth Swanson for the technical discussions on the spectral response model and Dr. S. E. Kanellopoulos for the help with optical measurements and relevant discussions. Postgraduates of the Physical Electronics Research Group are thanked for numerous stimulating discussions, help with experimental setup and general advice; in particular I would like to acknowledge the help of Dr. Jim Luck for his support. Sean Wootton, Kevin Smith and Nick Nicola are thanked for their assistance with all types of technical problems – at all times. I am grateful to all my friends from International Hall, University of London, for being the surrogate family during the many years I stayed there and for their continued moral support there after. From the staff, Donald Mann and Margaret Wilson are especially thanked for their care and attention. Finally, I am forever indebted to my parents and Anita for their understanding, endless patience and encouragement when it was most required. I am also grateful to Naela and Tanvir for their support.

How to Select a Science Fair Project Topic

How to Select a Science Fair Project Topic Great science fair projects dont need to be expensive or difficult. Even so, science fair projects can be very stressful and frustrating for students, parents, and teachers! Here are some tips for coming up with science fair project ideas, deciding how to turn an idea into a clever project, performing the science fair project, writing a meaningful report about it, and presenting a great-looking, sturdy display. The key to getting the most out of your science fair project is to start working on it as soon as possible! If you wait until the last minute you will feel rushed, which leads to feelings of frustration and anxiety, which makes good science harder than it needs to be. These steps for developing a science project work, even if you procrastinate until the last possible minute, but your experience wont be as much fun! Science Fair Project Ideas Some people are brimming with great science project ideas. If you are one of those lucky students, feel free to skip to the next section. If, on the other hand, the brainstorming part of the project is your first hurdle, read on! Coming up with ideas isnt a matter of brilliance. Its a matter of practice! Dont try to come up with only one idea and make it work. Come up with lots of ideas. First: think about what interests you. If your science project is restricted to a subject, then think about your interests within those limits. This is a chemistry site, so Ill use chemistry as an example. Chemistry is a huge, broad category. Are you interested in foods? properties of materials? toxins? drugs? chemical reactions? salt? tasting colas? Go through everything you can think of that relates to your broad topic and write down anything that sounds interesting to you. Dont be timid. Give yourself a brainstorming time limit (like 15 minutes), enlist the help of friends, and dont stop thinking or writing until the time is up. If you cant think of anything that interests you about your subject (hey, some classes are required, but not everyones cup of tea, right?), then force yourself to think up and write down every topic under that subject until your time is up. Write down broad topics, write down specific topics. Write anything that comes to mind - have fun! See, there are LOTS of ideas! If you were desperate, you had to resort to ideas on websites or in your textbook, but you should have some ideas for projects. Now, you need to narrow them down and refine your idea into a workable project. Science is based on the scientific method, which means you need to come up with a testable hypothesis for a good project. Basically, you need to find a question about your topic that you can test to find an answer. Look over your idea list (dont be afraid to add to it at any time or cross off items that you dont like... its your list, after all) and write down questions that you can ask and can test. There are some questions you cant answer because you dont have the time or the materials or the permission to test. With respect to time, think of a question that can be tested over a fairly short time span. Avoid panic and dont try to answer questions that take most of the time you have for the entire project. An example of a question that can be answered quickly: Can cats be right or left pawed? Its a simple yes or no question. You can get preliminary data (assuming you have a cat and a toy or treats) in a matter of seconds, and then determine how you will construct a more formal experiment. (My data indicates yes, a cat can have a paw preference. My cat is left-pawed, just in case you are wondering.) This example illustrates a couple of points. First, yes/no, positive/negative, more/less/same, quantitative questions are easier to test/answer than value, judgement, or qualitative questions. Second, a simple test is better than a complicated test. If you can, plan to test one simple question. If you combine variables (Like determining whether paw use varies between males and females or according to age), you will make your project infinitely more difficult. Heres a first chemistry question: What concentration of salt (NaCl) needs to be in water before you can taste it? If you have a calculator, measuring utensils, water, salt, tongue, pen, and paper, youre set! Then you can proceed to the next section on experimental design. Still stumped? Take a break and go back to the brainstorming section later. If you are having a mental block, you need to relax in order to overcome it. Do something that relaxes you, whatever that may be. Play a game, take a bath, go shopping, exercise, meditate, do housework... as long as you get your mind off of the subject for a bit. Come back to it later. Enlist help from family and friends. Repeat as necessary and then continue to the next step.

Colgate Research Paper Essays

Colgate Research Paper Essays Colgate Research Paper Essay Colgate Research Paper Essay Prices rise in some products by 4 per cent Colgate Palmolive India Limited, a leader in the tooth paste segment, has increased the prices of some its product by around 4 per cent, where as other consumer goods makers such as Hindustan Unilever Limited and Procter and Gamble are cutting prices of their products. The company announced second interim dividend Colgate Palmolive India Limited has announced a second interim dividend for the FY 2008-09 of INR 6 per share on share of face value INR 1. This dividend is in addition to the first interim dividend declared in December 2008 of INR 9 per share. Reduction of Share Capital Colgate Palmolive India Limited has reduce the capital of the company by reducing the par value of shares from INR 10 to INR 1 though the number of shares will remain unchanged ~13. 60 crore. The Share capital was reduced from INR 136 crore to INR 13. 60 crore paying back INR 9 per share to each shareholder. This has enhanced the profitability ratio of the company. DIVIDEND ANALYSIS For Private Circulation Only 1 Hem Institutional Research Desk www. hemonline. com INDUSTRY SNAPSHOT India is one of the fastest growing economies in the world. While we are moving towards becoming a services-led economy but still agriculture contributes around 17 per cent of the total GDP and employs 60 per cent of the population. Indias FMCG Industry is the fourth largest sector in the economy and creates employment for more than three million people in downstream activities. It is one of the most important sectors for each and every economy. It plays a vital role being a necessity and inelastic product which touches every life in one or the other aspect. Its principal constituents are Household Care, Personal Care and Food Beverages. The total FMCG market is in excess of INR 85,000 Crore. It is currently growing at double digit growth rate and is expected to maintain a high growth rate. FMCG Industry is characterized by a well established distribution network, low penetration levels, low operating cost, lower per capita consumption and intense competition between the organized and unorganized segments. The Indian FMCG industry is known for the presence of global players through their subsidiaries like Hindustan Unilever Limited, Procter Gamble, Nestle, Colgate Palmolive, etc. This ensures new and enhanced product launches in the Indian market from the parents portfolio. The company leverage the benefits by known brands clubbed with easily availability of key raw materials, cheap labour gives it a competitive advantage. Oral Care contributes around 5 per cent of the total FGCG market in India. It includes toothpaste, toothpowder and toothbrush as it major constituent. Oral care segment is among the few sectors which still have lot of growth potential. It has registered a double digit growth rate over the past few years. Even the markets for advanced oral products like mouth wash, dental floss and teeth whitening products are at it nascent stage hence will result in higher growth rate. There is a huge growth potential for all the FMCG companies as the per capita consumption of almost all products in the country is amongst the lowest in the world. Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry (FICCI) predicted that the Indian FMCG industry sales could grow at a double digit growth rate in the near future. According to CRISIL anticipation, FMCG sector could touch around INR 140,000 Crore by 2015. 5,000 crore Indian FMCG market is one of the important sector and has registered a robust growth rate. Size of Indian Oral care industry is around INR 4,000 crore. The wholesale price index (WPI) after hitting a high of 12. 63 per cent in September quarter has fell to 0. 26 per cent for the week th ended 28 March 2009. For Private Circulation Only 2 Hem Institutional Research Desk www. hemonline. com COMPANY OVERVIEW ORAL CARE A REAL REASON TO SMILE Colgate Palmolive India Limited, a 51 per cent subsidiary of Colgate Palmolive U. S. , is engaged in oral care and personal care business. Colgate Palmolive India Limited has been present in Indian oral care market for more than 70 years and the company oral care brands enjoy strong brand equity in the market. The company offer wide range of proven oral care products like toothpaste, toothpowders and toothbrushes under the brand ‘Colgate’. The Company also provides a range of personal care products under the brand Palmolive. The company was incorporated in the year 1937 as a private limited company. A distribution set up was also developed on India basis with warehouse facilities in Mumbai, Chennai and Calcutta. In the year 1988, the company got a license for producing 24,000 ton per annum of fatty acids. It also registered with DGTD for production of 30,000 ton of toilet soap per annum. In 1991, the company launched new Colgate Gel Toothpaste, Palmolive Extra Care and new Palmolive soap and re-launched a high quality Colgate Plus and other toothbrushes. In 1996, the company launched Colgate fresh stripe toothpaste and Palmolive naturals soap in personal care products segments, Keratin Treatment Shampoo and Palmolive optima in Hair care segment during the year. Axion dishwashing paste was launched in Maharashtra. The product received a good response from the market. Even the company established a modern facility at Aurangabad to manufacture Dicalcium phosphate, which is a key ingredient for toothpaste. The company also launched â€Å"Colgate Double Protection†, â€Å"Colgate Total† and â€Å"Colgate Sensation†. In 2000, the company introduced two new variants in soap range. The company relaunched Colgate Gel as â€Å"Colgate Fresh Energy Gel†. Then the company launched Shaving Gel and Foam in response to growing consumer interest in skin conditioning benefits. The company has been continuously paying dividends to its shareholders along with continuous growth. Colgate has re-launched its Cibaca toothpaste as All New Cibaca Top. The company even launched toothbrush. The company launched new Zig Zag toothbrush and Colgate Navigator toothbrush. The company commands a major share in toothbrush market. The company has three manufacturing facilities. They are situated at Baddi, Aurangabad and Nepal. Most of the toothbrush requirement is outsourced by the company and toothpaste is being manufactured at the Baddi plant whereas the toothpowder at the other two plants. Colgate has been ranked as Indias Most Trusted Brand across all categories for four consecutive years in 2003 to 2007 by Brand Equity ORG-MARG AC Nielsen Survey. The company has set up a well-structured distribution network across the country. It has also set up a special cold chain for product distribution in select retail outlets. For Private Circulation Only 3 Hem Institutional Research Desk www. hemonline. com BUSINESS SEGMENT The company broad product segment includes Oral Care, Personal Care and Household Care. Further the Oral Care portfolio includes Toothpaste toothpowder and toothbrush. Oral Care The size of Indian Oral care industry is expected at around INR 4,000 crore, where it is segmented into toothpaste 60 per cent; toothpowder 23 per cent and toothbrushes 17 per cent. In oral care market, especially toothpastes, remains under penetrated in India with penetration level just around 50 per cent. This industry is very competitive for both organized and smaller regional players. Toothpaste/toothpowder Segment Colgate Palmolive India Limited is a market leader in toothpaste segment. It has a lion market share of more than 48 per cent whereas Hindustan Unilever Limited (HUL) stands at around 30 per cent. The other market players are Dabur, Ajanta and Amar Remedies who are primarily in the lower segment. The lower segment accounts for around one-fifth of the total market. Toothpaste market is dominated by two players Colgate HUL where as in toothpowders market, it is dominated by Colgate and Dabur. The company commands a key position in premium segment and has few competitors, whereas in the low end segment, there are many regional players apart from some big players. Toothbrush Segment Colgate is market leader in toothbrush market also which stands at around 37 per cent followed by HUL which stand at around 23 per cent. The toothbrush segment is valued at around INR 670 crore. This segment contributes around 15 per cent of the Company’s total revenue. The Company has brands like Colgate Zig Zag, Colgate 360 degree and Colgate Cibaca top, etc under its toothbrush portfolio. The company has captured a market share from 31 per cent to 37 per cent in just 3 years. Toothbrush segment has potential for growth and the company expects to capture more of the market share in the coming years. Penetration level of toothpastes stands around 55 per cent in India, of which around 75 per cent is in urban areas while around 40 per cert is in rural areas. Personal Care The personal care segment contributes more than 6 per cent of the company revenue. The product offered by the company includes Shower gels, Liquid hand soaps, Shaving creams and Cold creams under its personal care portfolio. Shower gel and Shaving cream of Colgate has a market share of 36 per cent and 11 per cent respectively. Household Care The household care segment contributes just around 2-3 per cent to the company revenue. The product offer by the company is Axion, used for dish washing. The product has expected to continue a sustainable growth rate of 6 8 per cent. The company broad product segment includes Oral Care Personal Care Household Care Further the Oral Care portfolio includes Toothpaste Toothpowder Toothbrush Per capita consumption of toothpaste in India is among the lowest globally. For Private Circulation Only 4 Hem Institutional Research Desk www. hemonline. com SWOT ANALYSIS Strength Parent support Colgate Palmolive India Limited has a strong support from its parent company, which is a world leader in oral care company, with a presence in almost every country. The company has access to the parent’s hugely successful global folio of products and brands. Market Leader in some of the Key Products Colgate Palmolive India Limited is a market leader in oral care market having existence of more than 70 years. The company commands a market share of around 50 per cent in oral care market. Backward Integration Colgate Palmolive India Limited has entered into backward integration also. The company has set up a world-class facility for manufacture of Di-calcium Phosphate, a key ingredient in toothpaste. The manufacturing facility has yield significant cost savings for the company and also acts as a cushion for the company against the price rise in raw material prices. Wide market coverage The company has one of the widest market coverage in urban as well as in rural market. For future growth, the company needs to focus more towards rural area. Weakness Concentration risk over single category The company has high reliance on a single category, Oral Care, which accounts for more than 90 per cent of the company revenue and profit. The other two categories, Personal care and household care, contribute less than 10 per cent to the company revenue. Opportunity Low Penetration Level There is low penetration level for oral care in rural market. Most the user in rural market use traditional products like neem twigs, salt or other herbal ingredients. Hence there are still lots of untapped potential in rural market. Tax Benefits The company has reported a decrease in tax portion, which is mainly due a facility in the tax free zone of Baddi. This plant enjoys excise and income-tax exemption. Threats High Competition in Low end segment Competition in Low end segment The company has few competitors in premium segment, but many regional players apart from some big players in low segment products. The competition in low segment is high. Parent support Leveraging the benefits from the parent company Market Leader in oral care market Backward Integration A world-class facility to manufacture Di-Calcium Phosphate, a key ingredient in toothpaste Wide market coverage one of the widest market coverage Concentration risk as single category contribute more than 90 per cent of the company revenue and profit Low Penetration Level for oral care in rural market Tax Benefits- Baddi plant enjoys excise and income-tax exemption. For Private Circulation Only 5 Hem Institutional Research Desk www. hemonline. com FINANCIALS A growth rate in revenue stands at ~13 per cent where as for profit it stands at ~58 per cent. The company has reported a high growth in margins. Annual Result The company has registered a robust growth rate over the past few years. The company has recently reported total income of INR 1473. 85 crore which was registered a growth of more than 13 per cent over the last year which stands at INR 1295. 62 crore. The company has registered a continuous and a high growth in the PBITDA and PAT margin. The Company has posted a net profit of INR 235. 76 crore for the year ended March 31, 2008 as compared to INR 148. 0 crore for the last year to register a growth of more than 58 per cent. The company margins have increase in the latest quarter, mainly on account of decrease in raw material prices clubbed with different initiative taken by the company. Quarterly Result The Company has registered a robust growth in PBITDA and PAT margin in the recent quarter. The company has registered a decline in margin in September quarter, which was mainly due increase in raw material prices, high spending on advertisement sales promotion and other expenses. The company has reported a huge growth in margins. The company has reported a decrease in tax portion as the Baddi plant is under a tax free zone. This plant enjoys excise and income-tax exemption. The company has not only reported continuous rise in profit profit margin but also rise in operating profit. For Private Circulation Only 6 Hem Institutional Research Desk www. hemonline. com SHARE HOLDING Holding Pattern for the last 4 Years Colgate Palmolive India Limited is a subsidiary of Colgate Palmolive U. S. which holds 51 per cent of the total stake in the company Graphical presentation of Share Holding Pattern Colgate Palmolive India Limited is a subsidiary of Colgate Palmolive U. S. , which holds 51 per cent of the total stake in the company. For Private Circulation Only 7 Hem Institutional Research Desk www. hemonline. com Colgate India – Leveraging the benefits Creating demand in rural areas Colgate Palmolive India Limited has increased their reach in rural areas. Rural market is still under penetrated and has lot of growth potential. The company is promoting it products through various measures such as small volume low priced sachets, distribution of free toothbrushes and other measure. Consumer becoming more health and hygiene conscious Increasing awareness for oral hygiene coupled with increasing demand from rural market and increasing toothpaste penetration, the revenue is expected to sustain a double-digit growth with the favorable demand scenario in toothpaste as well as in toothbrush segment. Vast consumer base in India Rural India accounts for ~70 per cent of the Indian population where as just accounts for ~52 per cent of the total FMCG market. This will result in a huge growth potential in the rural market. The company is leveraging India’s vast population and the increasing purchasing capacity of the Indian middle class. Colgate is tapping the large Indian consumer base to establish a strong presence in the country. The branded oral care penetration in India is less than 50 per cent. Sectoral Opportunity in other oral products The markets for advanced oral products like mouth wash, dental floss and teeth whitening products are at a nascent stage in India. These products could result into high growth in revenue. Tax benefits from Baddi Plant The company has expanded its Baddi plant, which is a tax-efficient zone. The company enjoys excise and income-tax exemption through this plant. Even the company has efficient supply-chain management which helps to company to boost its profit margin. Prices rise in some products by 4 per cent Colgate Palmolive India Limited has increased the prices of some its product by around 4 per cent, where as other consumer goods makers such as Hindustan Unilever Limited and Procter and Gamble are cutting prices of their products. Smaller packs to drive the growth Low price and smaller packs offer by the company is likely to drive high growth rate in the future. In rural market, the demands are mainly drive by small packages. For most of the products, low packs contribute around half of the total revenue. Creating demand in rural areas- through various sales promotion measures Consumer becoming more health and hygiene conscious to create more demand for the products Vast consumer base in India Sectoral Opportunity in other oral products Tax benefits from Baddi Plant Enjoys excise and income-tax exemption. Prices rise of some brands by around 4 per cent Smaller packs to drive the growth It contribute around half of the total revenue. For Private Circulation Only 8 Hem Institutional Research Desk www. hemonline. com KEY TAKEAWAYS FOR THE INVESTOR ROAD AHEAD Robust Growth rate Market Leader in Oral Care Tax benefits from Baddi Plant Growth opportunity in rural market India’s per capita consumption of toothpaste is 92 grams, even countries like China and Malaysia consume much at 219 grams and 285 grams respectively Margin likely to increase in the future OUTLOOK With inflation at the lowest level, raw material prices cooling off and excise duty cut has help FMCG companies to maintain its margin. Colgate Palmolive India Limited is a market leader in Oral Care segment. We are very positive on the long term business prospects of the company and financial performance. At Current Market Price of INR 456. 30 and with FY08 and FY09E EPS of INR 20. 50 and 23. 10, the stock is trading at a PE of 22. 2x and 19. 7x respectively. We reiterate â€Å"BUY† on the stock with target price of INR 570. 00 with a medium term investment horizon. Colgate is a market leader in Oral Care Products For Private Circulation Only 9 Hem Institutional Research Desk www. hemonline. com www. hemonline. com [emailprotected] com HEM SECURITIES LIMITED MEMBER-BSE,CDSL MUMBAI OFFICE: 14/15, KHATAU BLDG. , IST FLOOR, 40, BANK STREET, FORT, MUMBAI-400001 PHONE- 0091 22 2267 1000 FAX- 0091 22 2262 5991 JAIPUR OFFICE: 203-204, JAIPUR TOWERS, M I ROAD, JAIPUR-302001 PHONE- 0091 141 405 1000 FAX- 0091 141 510 1757 GROUP COMPANIES HEM FINLEASE PRIVATE LIMITED MEMBER-NSE HEM MULTI COMMODITIES PRIVATE LIMITED MEMBER-NCDEX, MCX HEM FINANCIAL SERVICES LIMITED SEBI REGISTERED CATEGORY I MERCHANT BANKER Disclaimer: This document is prepared on the basis of publicly available informatio n and other sources believed to be reliable. Whilst we are not soliciting any action based on this information, all care has been taken to ensure that the facts are accurate and opinions given fair and reasonable. This information is not intended as an offer or solicitation for the purchase or sell of any financial instrument. Hem Securities Limited, Hem Finlease Private Limited, Hem Multi Commodities Pvt. Limited and any of its employees shall not be responsible for the content. The companies and its affiliates, officers, directors, and employees, including persons involved in the preparation or issuance of this material may from time to time, have long or short positions in, and buy or sell the securities there of, company (ies) mentioned here in and the same have acted upon or used the information prior to, or immediately following the publication

An evaluation of economical impact on educational tourism in Australia Essay

An evaluation of economical impact on educational tourism in Australia - Essay Example It is known that international students are not subsidized by the Australian government and pay full fees for all courses. This mandate is under the Education Services for Overseas Student (ESOS) Act under the Federal legislation. An examination of recent researches and data indicates that educational tourism revenue have been steadily gaining an upward strength and ultimately surpasses tourism as the top services export this year. Recent studies show that 40% of the total expenses of international students were spent on tuition fees, and the remaining 60% were spent on other goods and services such as food and accommodation (National Centre, 7). This paper will discuss the effects of educational tourism to skilled immigration and travel and tourism, and detail the business industries who greatly benefit from international education. The paper will also evaluate which five countries are the top sources for international students, and the possible reasons why these countries generate the most number of foreign students. Since the number of foreign students in Australia is considered relatively high, it is fair to hypothesize that a large part of the country’s overall revenue is generated from the expenses of these population group. It is also important to keep in mind that these foreign students may be considered as an investment in the country’s future as numerous foreign students have acquired quality education in the country before, and that allowed them to gain significant qualifications that definitely created a difference in their lives. These graduates will be highly skilled in their careers and can be influential in their own countries in the future. Their past bond with Australia at a major point in their lives will aid Australia in creating bridges on people-to-people, cultural, and business ties with these nations. Those students who will gain permanent residence

The marketing issues and problems affecting the public services sector Essay

The marketing issues and problems affecting the public services sector in the U.K. at the current time - Essay Example The NHS was established with the intention of providing health care for all who needed it at the point of delivery because in the past, health care was not available to all who needed it. Consequently, there was a need to make sure that health care services were more coordinated in the region. There are numerous organisational changes that the NHS has undergone. First of all, it created an internal markets idea where health authorities and doctors were given funding from the government and they could use this to purchase health care from different groups like acute hospitals. However, with time, this scheme was not very effective as there was too much bureaucracy. Consequently, there was a need to bring in reforms in order to reduce inefficiencies and the current system was born; the use of primary care trusts. (Department of Health, 2006) The Health care system in the United Kingdom is operated by a national budget made by the government. This budget normally includes all the issues that will affect the effectiveness of service provision such as; capital outlays, operating expenses and medical training. Specific health care providers normally operate on set budgets made on a yearly basis. Despite all these benefits, one must not underestimate all the disadvantages that come with provision of health services under such a scheme. First of all, the total available resources will always and have always been less than the demand for health care. Consequently, there is a need to prioritise issues and allocate finances for the neediest groups. Groups such as the elderly are maintained at a pre-set fee and must therefore be denied certain medical procedures such as kidney dialysis; this procedure is only allowed for those who are fifty five years and below. There are many patients in the UK who have still not reaped the full benefits of a national health care

Question wk 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Question wk 3 - Essay Example Leaders are big zeros without followers. Followers are the strengths and weaknesses of the leaders. Some leaders might get better followers and they will face fewer problems in leading them whereas some other leaders may get problematic followers and it is difficult for them to lead such followers towards the target. People will never follow somebody blindly. They will follow somebody for some purpose. Leaders can effectively lead the followers only if they will be able to provide genuine reasons for the mutual benefits. In any case, leadership and followership are interconnected and neither of it can survive without having the support from the other one. I expect my followers to support me always even if I made some unpopular decisions. They should realize that the ultimate aim of my decisions would be to reach the target which is good for them as well. If they have some disagreements with my decisions, I expect them to make me aware of it privately rather than complaining publicly. My followers should keep all their discussions with me as a private matter and they should never discuss it with their colleagues. Such open discussions may create problems to me as well as to them also. They should accept all the responsibilities provided to them. I don’t like somebody capable of taking a responsibility, denying it when it is offered to him. My followers should reveal the truth or the exact reasons to me if they were unable to do something instructed. They should never hide any information related to the project from me. Moreover, they should have better knowledge about their own strengths and weaknesses. I expect all my follower s to communicate well with me and communicate well with each other. They should take initiatives wherever possible to solve a problem and should not wait for my instructions always, if they have absolute surety of the solutions. I always try to keep all the above aspects of followership in my dealings with my

Obey Direct Orders Essay Example for Free

Obey Direct Orders Essay There are more than a few reasons that lawful orders should be obeyed. These orders are given for a variety of reasons, and should be followed whether or not you understand or agree with them. Orders are sometimes given simply to keep soldiers to maintain their military bearing and display a proper image of the United States Armed Forces. Other times they are given to protect the soldier or to protect the soldiers around him/her. No matter what, an order should be carried out without question, because if you question orders that seem less important, you could get someone hurt because you were wasting time ignoring or questioning an order that you thought was unimportant. A soldier is given a great many orders that fall into the first category I discussed, maintaining military bearing. These orders range from keeping in step and swinging your arms in formation, to not moving while talking on your phone. All of these orders have reasoning behind them that has applications on the battlefield. For instance, if you are keeping in step and swinging your arms in formation, then you are paying attention to the cadence that is being given, so if you get a command by whoever is marching you, you are already paying attention and can react quickly. This can be the difference between life and death in a combat zone. The same thing can be said about talking on the phone while walking around. You need to not have any distractions when you are patrolling an area. If you are not alert, you could get yourself killed by an IED, or worse you could get others killed. So while these orders may not seem to have all that much importance in the here and now, they actually have a great deal of importance in that they train you in how you need to behave while deployed, so they should be followed with just as much care as any other order. Another type of order that is given is an order that is designed directly to protect you or those around you. Every time you are given an order to do guard duty or a cleaning detail, that order is there to protect yourself and others. When you are asked to pull guard duty, you are actively watching for threats to those that you are guarding. If an insurgent were to try to enter your AO when there was no guard, he could do a lot of damage before he was noticed, and he could kill a lot of people. If you have a guard on post, the same insurgent is likely to be killed or taken into custody with no loss of U.S. Soldiers. When here in training you are practicing the ability to stay alert while on those guard duties. If you were to fall asleep on duty, or not report, then you could be responsible for the deaths of your fellow soldiers. A less obvious threat than insurgents are the bacteria and diseases that you are helping to keep under control every time you follow an order to do a cleaning detail. If these orders are not followed then our fighting force could become crippled by sickness. So you can see even cleaning details are in place to help protect you and your fellow soldiers. In the end the point is, whether or not you understand the reason you are being given an order, or agree with that order, it needs to be followed. Failing to follow orders can cause people to get hurt, or can put you in the position of not having the focus or discipline to stay out of harms way yourself. Follow orders every time.

Imagery of Sacrifice in The School Children Essay -- School Children E

Imagery of Sacrifice in The School Children    Sacrifice. One simple word brings to mind two completely different images.   Today, sacrifice is most often thought of as a noble and beautiful act, but also one painful-emotionally, mentally, and physically-involving the surrender of something highly valued for the sake of something deemed of superior value.   On the other hand, when done in the name of religion, sacrifice may involve the offering of a gift to some deity in worship or propitiation.   Usually when sacrifice involves the latter, the connotation of the term darkens, for the dominant image is of ritual slaughter. Generally, we do not think of mothers or children as being the victims of this type of sacrifice. Imagery in Louise Glà ¼ck s poem   The School Children,   however, depicts mothers sacrificing their offspring and themselves for the benefit of the children.      Ã‚  Ã‚   The first stanza begins by stating,   The children go forward .   They are leaving their mothers behind, going to a place inaccessible to them.   At the moment the children are on their way to school, but as they progress, they will begin to move past the achievements of their parents.   Instead of becoming resentful, the mothers do all they can to ensure this progress continues.  Ã‚   All morning the mothers have labored .   They exert themselves strenuously for the benefit of their children.   They put forth much time and energy at manual labor. The mothers labored in giving birth to their children, and are laboring to raise them to adulthood.   They sacrifice themselves so that their children may have a future better than their own.      Ã‚  Ã‚  ... ...d, for the fruit trees   gray limbs do not provide much   ammunition   in their battle for their children s future.   The mothers will not be able to earn enough money at such menial jobs to provide escape for their offspring or for themselves.   Escape will in the end hang on the aptitude and resilience of the children.      Ã‚  Ã‚   The School Children   presents a heartbreaking depiction of sacrifice and devotion.   In a few short lines, Louise Glà ¼ck portrays the desperate love of mothers for their children. The mothers   sacrifice of themselves and those they treasure, while painful for all, is an act of love, noble and beautiful.   The imagery of   The School Children   paints pictures of labor, separation, and sacrifice, but ultimately of determination, devotion, and love.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚