Denisova Cave - First Evidence of the Denisovan People

Denisova Cave is a rockshelter with important Middle Paleolithic and Upper Paleolithic occupations. Located in the northwestern Altai Mountains some 6 km from the village of Chernyi Anui, the site shows human occupation from the Middle Paleolithic to the Late Middle Paleolithic, beginning ~200,000 years ago. Most importantly, the cave is where the first evidence was discovered of Denisovans, a newly identified species of human being. Key Takeaways: Denisova Cave Denisova Cave is a rockshelter in the Altai Mountains of Siberia.First location where new hominid species Denisovan was identified, reported in 2011Human occupations include Neanderthals, Denisovans, and one individual of Neanderthal and Denisovan parentageCultural remains are similar to that found at Mousterian (Neanderthal) Upper Paleolithic sitesOccupations date between 200,000 and 50,000 years ago The cave, formed from Silurian sandstone, is ~28 meters above the right bank of the Anui River near its headwaters. It consists of several short galleries extending out from a central chamber, with a total cave area of some 270 sq. m. The central chamber measures 9x11 meters, with a high arched ceiling. Pleistocene Occupations at Denisova Cave Excavations in the central chamber at Denisova have revealed 13 Pleistocene occupations between 30,000 and ~125,000 years bp. The chronological dates are by and large radiothermalluminescence dates (RTL) taken on sediments, with the exception of Strata 9 and 11, which have a handful of radiocarbon dates on charcoal. The RTL dates on the lowest are considered unlikely, probably only in the range of 125,000 years ago. Stratum 9, Upper Paleolithic (UP), Mousterian and Levallois, ~46,000 (OIS-2)Stratum 11, Initial Upper Paleolithic, Altai Mousterian, ~29,200-48,650 BP (OIS-3)Strata 20-12, Later Middle Paleolithic Levallois, ~69,000-155,000 BPStrata 21 and 22, Initial Middle Paleolithic Levallois, Mousterian, ~171,000-182,000 BP (OIS-5) Climate data derived from palynology (pollen) and faunal taxa (animal bone) suggests that the oldest occupations were located in birch and pine forests, with some large treeless areas in higher elevations. The following periods fluctuated considerably, but the coldest temperatures occurred just before the Last Glacial Maximum, ~30,000 years ago, when a steppe environment was established. Hominins Hominid remains recovered from the cave include four Denisovans, two Neanderthals, and one individual, Denisova 11, represented by a fragment of a long bone, that genetic investigations indicate was the child of a Neanderthal mother and a Denisovan father. The individual was at least 13 years old at death: and her genetic makeup indicates that her father, too, was the result of sexual congress between a Neanderthal and a Denisovan. The earliest Denisovan in the cave lived between 122.7–194.4 thousand years ago (kya); another lived between 105.6 and 136.4 kya; and two lived between 51.6 and 76.2 kya. Neanderthals lived between 90.0 and 147.3 kya; and the Denisovan/Neanderthal child lived between 79.3 and 118.1 kya. The most recent date is not that different from the nearby Ust Ishim site, an Initial Upper Paleolithic site dated between 45–48 kya, leaving the possibility that Ust Ishim may have been a Denisovan occupation. Denisova Cave Upper Paleolithic Although the site is for the most part stratigraphically quite intact, unfortunately, a major discontinuity separates the two UP levels 9 and 11, and the contact between them is significantly disturbed, making it difficult to securely separate the dates of the artifacts in them. Denisova is the type site for what Russian archaeologists have called the Denisova variant of Altai Mousterian, belonging to the Initial Upper Paleolithic period. Stone tools in this technology exhibit use of the parallel reduction strategy for cores, large numbers of laminar blanks and tools fashioned on large blades. Radial and parallel cores, limited numbers of true blades and a diverse series of ​racloirs are also identified in the stone tool assemblages. Several remarkable art objects have been recovered within the Altai Mousterian layers of the cave, including decorative objects of bone, mammoth tusk, animal teeth, fossilized ostrich egg shell and mollusk shell. Two fragments of a stone bracelet made of drilled  worked and polished dark green chloritolite was discovered in these UP levels at Denisova. A set of bone tools including small needles with drilled eyes, awls and pendants, and a collection of cylindrical bone beads has also been found in the Upper Paleolithic deposits. Denisova contains the earliest evidence of eyed needle manufacture in Siberia. Denisova and Archaeology Denisova Cave was discovered over a century ago, but its Pleistocene deposits were not recognized until 1977. Since then, extensive excavations by the Russian Academy of Sciences at Denisova and nearby sites of Ust-Karakol, Kara-Bom, Anuy 2 and Okladnikov have recorded considerable evidence about the Siberian Middle and Upper Paleolithic. Selected Sources Douka, Katerina, et al. Age Estimates for Hominin Fossils and the Onset of the Upper Palaeolithic at Denisova Cave. Nature 565.7741 (2019): 640–44. Print.Krause, Johannes , et al. The Complete Mitochondrial DNA Genome of an Unknown Hominin from Southern Siberia. Nature 464.7290 (2010): 894–97. Print.Martinà ³n-Torres, Marà ­a, Robin Dennell, and Josà © Marà ­a Bermà ºdez de Castro. The Denisova Hominin Need Not Be an out of Africa Story. Journal of Human Evolution 60.2 (2011): 251–55. Print.Mednikova, M. B. A Proximal Pedal Phalanx of a Paleolithic Hominin from Denisova Cave, Altai. Archaeology, Ethnology and Anthropology of Eurasia 39.1 (2011): 129–38. Print.Reich, David, et al. Genetic History of an Archaic Hominin Group from Denisova Cave in Siberia. Nature 468 (2010): 1053–60. Print.Slon, Viviane, et al. The Genome of the Offspring of a Neanderthal Mother and a Denisovan Father. Nature 561.7721 (2018): 113–16. Print.Slon, Viviane, et al. A Fourth Denisovan Individual. Science Advances 3.7 (2017): e1700186. Print.

Fictional Sources Of The The Pox Party And Andrew...

Fictional/semi-fictional sources like ‘The Pox Party’ and non-fictional sources such as ‘The Cover Wagon Women’ and ‘Andrew Jackson’, craft a realm in which current historians can narrow down the strength and weaknesses of early American society. Although it is not able to give its readers a credible account to what actually happened during those times of American development, it is able to give us a vivid image of what people thought was important during their time. Readers are able to witness strangers’ dreams, their views of history and most importantly, what our ancestors found to be relevant enough to document. Authors like Sean Wilentz and M.T Anderson shape and somehow make a clear elaboration of the paradoxical nature of life in the early Americas and the development of American society. These sources are able to help us narrate a more flamboyant story of our own on how things were in the past and how certain aspects and factors o f life aided tremendously to the up’s and down’s in American history. These theatrical sources delineate on the strengths and weaknesses of American history such as the rise of a new nation that grew to become one of the â€Å"first world† countries as well as the dark shadows of enslavement of various races. Furthermore, how the role of literature and personal items such as diaries and letters can convey heart-warming yet heart-breaking stories from beyond the grave. ‘‘The Astonishing Life of Octavian Nothing, Traitor to the Nation, Volume 1:

To Kill a Mocking Bird Outline. Free Essays

6. 02 Reasearch Paper Outline. Directions: Fill in the blanks to create a draft of your outline Title ___Is to Kill A mocking Bird A timeless Clasisic. We will write a custom essay sample on To Kill a Mocking Bird Outline. or any similar topic only for you Order Now ________________________________________________ Paragraph I:The Great Novel To Kill A Mocking Bird Stands As A Timless Classic Due To Many Different Reasons Based On Knowledge Apon Morality,Maturity,And Racism. A. Can One Race of People Stand Out To be More Superior To the Other? B. Hate Crimes Subject African Amercians As victims C. Thesis statement (Make it only ONE sentence): Harper Lee expresses Three Main forms of Racism predjuice of outsiders,stereotypes and discrimination. **Remember, you have to PROVE your thesis for this paper** Paragraph II: __________Narration Of Background_______________ (Put your topic here. Remember 1 idea per paragraph) A. Exploting others for own personal gain B. Racism taking advantage of minorities innonce. C:Mayella Ewell Calling An innoncent Black Man(Tom Robinson)Into Her Home. Paragraph III: ___Conformation/Argument. _____________________(Put your topic here. Remember 1 idea per paragraph) A: Atticus knows that Tom is Innocent,due to the knowledge he has apon him,along with the morality he himself has an character. B: Just like the Ewells story used against Tom,Racism is based apon personal gain. C: Atticus advice towards scout shoes his maturity level when he defends Tom†You never can really know a man until you climb his skin,and walk around in it†. Paragraph I V: _______Lessons Within A story_________________(Put your topic here. Remember 1 idea per paragraph) A: Topics Discussed apon knowledge,maturity,and racism Let the reader decide. B:There is no inequality in america. c. Morality is overlooked Paragraph V:To kill A mocking Bird Still With Stabds its releveance due to the issues being discussed at the time still occuring today. A. Naration of background. B. Conformation/Argument C: Lessons Within A story C. Did you ever wonder why Harper Lee Chose To Title The Novel To Kill A Mocking Bird,and What it truly stands for? To Kill Innonce. How to cite To Kill a Mocking Bird Outline., Papers

Cowboy Subculture Paper free essay sample

The word cowboy brings to mind images of the old west, mostly movies. Ten gallon hats, boots, spurs, horses, revolvers and of course cows. In todays society the term cowboy or cowgirl isnt always a favorable one. It can mean ignorant, country, reckless, or just refer to boots and hats. Are Cowboys even still around? Not the wan be hat on the weekends type of person, the genuine article. The answer may surprise you. In todays modern world, cowboys arent just still around; they have developed into the subculture in which I belong.The cowboy subculture can be found all across the Ignited States and Hawaii. What is the Cowboy Culture and who belongs in it? The cowboy culture is made up Of many different types Of people from many different backgrounds. The cowboy culture is made up of working cowboys, professional rodeo cowboys, arena cowboys and cowgirls, Cattle people, horse people, and cowboy mentality people. The word cowboy originated from earlier terms translated from vaquero, a Spanish word for an individual who managed cattle while mounted on horseback.Originally Cowboy was a literal term, to describe a job like lawyer or Doctor. Cowboys started their profession at an early age, it took years to be able to handle both horse and Attlee with some skill, so cowboys were hired on as young as 12 or 13. These boys could look forward to handling cattle and horses for the larger outfits the rest of his adult life if he was lucky enough to avoid serious injury. At that time quite a few women also took on the tasks of ranching and learned the necessary skills, though the cowgirl didnt come into being until the 19th century and only then in the wild west shows. On western ranches today, even though the working cowboy is a grown man, the subculture of the cowboy is a lot of times one you are born into. Children of today, both boys ND girls that are raised on a ranch are expected to learn to ride and understand how to care for animals from an early age. Children of the cowboy culture grow up with hard work and responsibility. They show maturity and lavishnesss that is not generally found in urban kids. The cowboy clothing style grew out of practical need and the environment in which the cowboy worked.The western style of cowboy blind, rhinestones, Stetsons, Cinch and Wrangler jeans, Art and Justine boots all brands unique to the Cowboy culture and typical clothing of the cowboy all evolved out of necessity. The standard wear of any individual in the cowboy subculture is made up of if not every item at least several pairs of one or more articles of clothing such as Chaps, Hat, Boots, Jeans, and gloves. Chaps usually pronounced shapes or chinks protect the riders legs while on horseback, especially riding through heavy brush or during rough work with livestock.Cowboy hat: Wide brim to protect from sun, overhanging brush, and the elements. Cowboy boots; a boot with a high top to protect the lower legs, pointed toes to help guide the foot into the stirrup, and high heels to keep the tot from slipping through the stirrup while working in the saddle. Gloves, usually of deerskin or other leather that is soft and flexible for working purposes, yet provides protection when handling barbed wire, assorted tools or clearing native brush and vegetation. Jeans: Designed to protect the legs and prevent the trouser legs from snagging on brush, equipment or other hazards.Other tools of the cowboy culture which are necessary and are used or carried and can be found in any members tack room are: Knife; cowboys have traditionally favored some form of pocket knife, specifically the folding Attlee kni fe or stock knife. The knife has multiple blades, usually including a leather punch and a sheepfold blade. Lariat; from the Spanish la rata, meaning the rope, sometimes called a lasso, especially in the East, or simply, a rope. This is a tightly twisted stiff rope, originally of rawhide or leather, now often of nylon, made with a small loop at one end called a Hondo.Spurs; metal devices attached to the heel of the boot, featuring a small metal shank, usually with a small serrated wheel attached, used to allow the rider to provide a stronger (or sometimes, more precise) leg cue to the ores. Horse: Either Quarter horse or mustang. Tack: (Gear for your horse) each area of the cowboy subculture has a certain type of saddle that they use. For instance Team ropers saddles are heavier with a thicker horn in order to with stand the weight of the cow they rope, while Barrel Racers saddles are lighter with a narrow horn to allow for a better hold and less weight on their horse.Bridle; a Western bridle usually has a curb bit and long split reins to control the horse in many different situations Sad dle blanket; a blanket or pad is required under the Western addle to provide comfort and protection for the horse. Western saddle; a saddle specially designed to allow horse and rider to work for many hours and to provide security to the rider in rough terrain or when moving quickly in response to the behavior of the livestock being herded. A western saddle has a deep seat with high pommel and cantle that provides a secure seat.Deep, wide stirrups provide comfort and security for the foot. A strong, wide saddle tree of wood, covered in rawhide (or made of a modern synthetic material) distributes the weight of the rider across a greater area of the horses back, educing the pounds carried per square inch and allowing the horse to be ridden longer without harm. A horn sits low in front of the rider, to which a lariat can be snubbed, and assorted Dee rings and leather saddle strings allow additional equipment to be tied to the saddle.All these tools and more make up the gear of the cowboy culture. It hasnt changed since the 1 asss. Everyone in the cowboy culture is expected to know how to use and care for each piece of equipment. The Cowboy culture is made up of a group of people that have a certain ideals and ways Of thinking. People Of the cowboy ultra believe that they should be kind, tough, hardworking and have a strong sense of moral and religion. Morals: They accomplish any job given to them.They are very proud and will compete for that pride in their skills, not for the actual belt buckle or title They will stay out all night looking for cattle, or could at the same time go twenty miles out of his way to take a sick dog to a vet for a child. They dont usually look for trouble, but when it comes, they face it with courage and dignity. They defend good people, who cannot defend themselves, look out for their neighbors and expect the same in turn. Modern Cowboys are not all molded together.Each has its own style and is unique. Some of todays Cowboys still ride, rope and brand. Some have never even seen a cow up close. To become a Cowboy one does not have to actually ride the range, the cowboy culture has many different cultures within itself, each with its own unique sayings, rules, tack and dress. There are working cowboys, those that make all or part of their living on horseback. Professional Rodeo Cowboys that make all or part of their living in the rodeo circuit. Arena Cowboys and Cowgirls, this group make their living other places ND spend their weekends competing in the arena at various events. Team roping, Headers and Heelers, an event where pairs of cowboys race out and rope and tie a calf, the fastest team wins, Barrel Racers, usually women that race out onto the arena and run their horse in a cloverleaf pattern around barrels, fastest time wins, Bull riders, not considered the brightest of the bunch, Bronco riders, Calf scramble, is an event for children, the kids line up and 10 calves are released into the arena, three with a tag on its tail.The object is to grab the tag off the tail and return to the starting line. Mutton gusting event is also for small children, padded up and helmeted a child is placed on a sheep which is then released into the arena. The child with the longest time on the sheep wins. Cattle People, they range from owning a few thousand head of cattle to a single steer for an FAA project.Horse People, this group love s horses and have still more subcultures, the show horses, the halter class, speed racers, and western pleasure riders. Cowboys at heart, this group loves the Cowboy way and what it stands for. If you go on the scenario that all Cowboys walk bow legged, have missing teeth, and all spit bacon, then you will miss out on a great many true Cowboys.Besides family owned ranches and selected country born individuals, the Cowboy of today is trying to grab onto our roots of the past, with the sprawl of the cement world, it becomes harder and harder to find a spot in the world to call your own, and the Cowboy needs his space to ride. The cowboy culture bands together in small communities and big cities across America, trying to keep our culture alive. I hope this paper has given some insight into the cowboy subculture, and next time you see a pair of boots or a hat it means more to you than just clothing.